PHYTOCHEMICALS OF CURCUMA LONGA (KUNYIT) AND ZINGIBER OFFICINALE (GINGER)

CURCUMA LONGA (KUNYIT)

Chemical Part Amount (Ppm)

Low

High

1.8-Cineole Rhizome  

30

720

4-Hydroxy-Cinnamoyl-(feruloyl)-Methane Rhizome

180

   
Alpha-Pinene Essential Oil

5,300

   
Ar-Tumerone Rhizome

5,800

   
Arabinose Rhizome

10,000

   
Ascorbic-Acid Rhizome  

0

293

Ash Rhizome  

9,000

148,000

Beta-Pinene Essential Oil

2,700

   
Bis-(Para-Hydrixy-Cinnamoyl)-Methane Rhizome

1,360

   
Bis-Desmethxycurcumin Rhizome  

67

27,000

Boron Root  

1

6

Caffeic-Acid Rhizome

5

 

Calcium

Calcium Rhizome  

270

2,898

Carbohydrates Rhizome  

79,000

829,000

Chromium Rhizome

6

   
Cineole Essential Oil

29,200

   
Cobalt Rhizome

1

   
Copper Rhizome  

6

17

Curcumene Essential Oil

121,700

   
Curcumenol Essential Oil

21,300

   
Curcumin Rhizome  

9

38,888

Curdione Essential Oil

11,900

   
Curlone Rhizome

120

   
Cyclo-Isoprenemyrcene Rhizome  

8,500

29,750

D-Alpha-Phellandrene Rhizome  

30

720

D-Camphene Rhizome

480

   
D-Camphor Rhizome  

30

1,500

D-Sabinene Rhizome  

20

435

Desmethoxycurcumin Rhizome  

500

11,100

Dihydrocurcumin Rhizome

57

   
Eo Rhizome  

3,000

72,000

Eugenol Essential Oil

2,100

   
Fat Rhizome  

18,000

153,000

Fiber Rhizome  

18,000

84,000

Fructose Rhizome

120,000

   
Glucose Rhizome

280,000

   
Iron Rhizome  

121

467

Isoborneol Rhizome

200

   
L-Alphe-Curcumene Rhizome

18,000

   
L-Beta-Curcumene Rhizome

18,000

   
Limonene Essential Oil

2,300

   
Linalool Essential Oil

1,600

   
Manganese Rhizome  

33

78

Niacin Rhizome  

5

62

Nickel Rhizome

3.8

   
P-Coumaric-Acid Rhizome

345

   
P-Methosycinnamic-Acid Rhizome

360

   
P-Tolymethylcarbinol Rhizome  

500

1,750

Phosporus Rhizome  

640

6,307

Potassium Rhizome  

4,870

41,271

Protein Rhizome  

12,000

306,000

Riboflavin Rhizome  

0

12

Sodium Rhizome  

30

4,290

Terpinene Essential Oil

27,200

   
Terpineol Essential Oil

500

   
Thiamin Rhizome  

0

8

Turmerone Rhizome  

1,800

43,200

Ukonan-A Rhizome  

33

6,600

Ukonan-B Rhizome

47

   
Ukonan-C Rhizome

52

   
Water Rhizome

133,000

   
Zinc Rhizome

22

   
Zingirberene Rhizome  

750

18,000

Source: United States Department of Agricultere, 1998 at http://probe.nal.usda.gov:8300/cgi

 

ZINGIRBER OFFICINALE (GINGER)

Chemical Part Amount (Ppm)

Low

High

1,8-Cineole Rhizome  

33

5,000

6-Gingerol Rhizome  

130

7,138

6-Methyl-Hept-5-En-2-One Rhizome  

2

50

6-Shogoal Rhizome  

40

330

8-Beta-17-Epoxy-Labd-Trans-12-Ene-15,16-Dial Rhizome

40

8-Gingerol Rhizome  

200

1,069

10-Gingerol Rhizome  

200

1,862

Alanine Rhizome  

310

1,793

Albumin Rhizome  

4,984

45,924

Allo-Aromadendrine Rhizome  

1

70

Alpha-Farnesene Rhizome  

20

1,250

Alpha-Linolenic-Acid Rhizome  

340

3,190

Alpha-Phellandrene Rhizome  

3

200

Alpha-Pinene Rhizome  

10

1,950

Alpha-Terpinene Rhizome  

0.5

35

Alpha-Terpineol Rhizome  

8

500

Alpha-Zingirberene Rhizome  

74

4,600

Aluminium Rhizome

663

   
Ar-Curcumene Rhizome  

20

9,520

Arginine Rhizome  

430

2,486

Ascorbic-Acid Rhizome  

0

317

Ash Rhizome  

7,700

200,000

Asparagine Rhizome

500

   
Aspartic-Acid Rhizome  

2,080

11,900

Beta-Bisabolene Rhizome  

5

3,600

Beta- Bisabolol Rhizome  

5

295

Beta-Carotene Rhizome  

0

4

Beta-Caryophyllene Rhizome  

0.7

45

Beta-Elemene Rhizome  

2

500

Beta-Eudesmol Rhizome  

7

465

Beta-Phellandrene Rhizome  

32

2,850

Beta-Pinene Rhizome  

4

265

Beta-Sesquiphellandrene Rhizome  

20

6,012

Bornyl-Acetate Rhizome  

2

105

Boron Rhizome  

1

4

Calcium Rhizome  

150

3,458

Camphene Rhizome  

28

6,300

Camphor Rhizome   1

60

Capric-Acid Rhizome  

1,800

1,980

Caprylic-Acid Rhizome  

70

380

Carbohydrates Rhizome  

92,000

823,240

Chromium Rhizome  

6

20

Cis-6-Shogoal Rhizome

40

   
Citral Rhizome  

0

13,500

Citronellal Rhizome  

2

145

Citronellol Rhizome  

2

6,500

Cobalt Rhizome  

0.9

42

Copper Rhizome  

3

16

Cumene Rhizome

1

   
Cystine Rhizome  

80

462

D-Borneol Rhizome  

14

1,102

Decanal Plant  

5

100

Delta-Cadinene Rhizome  

1

65

Elemol Rhizome  

3

190

Eo Resin

60,000

   
  Exudate      
  Sap      
Eo Rhizome  

800

50,000

Farnesal Rhizome  

1

100

Farnesene Rhizome  

245

4,910

Fat Rhizome  

7,000

77,000

Fiber Rhizome  

9,000

171,000

Fluorine Rhizome

2

   
Gadoleic-Acid Rhizome  

70

380

Gamma-Eudesmol Rhizome  

2

115

Gamma-Muurolene Rhizome  

7

455

Gamma-Selinene Rhizome  

35

700

Gamma-Terpinene Rhizome  

0.4

25

Geranial Rhizome  

35

20,000

Geraniol Rhizome  

2

345

Germanium Rhizome  

87

169

Gingerenone-A Rhizome

118

   
Gingerenone-B Rhizome

4.7

   
Gingerenone-C Rhizome

14.2

   
Gingerols Rhizome

13,200

   
Glanolactone Rhizome

120

   
Globulin Rhizome  

2,366

21,801

Glutamic-Acid Rhizome  

1,620

9,328

Glutelin Rhizome  

2,506

23,091

Glycine Rhizome  

430

2,486

Heptan-2-Ol Rhizome  

1

135

Hexan-1-Al Rhizome  

2

35

Histidine Rhizome  

300

1,738

Iron Rhizome  

4

162

Isoeugenol-Methyl-Ether Rhizome  

0.6

40

Isogingerenone Rhizome

4.7

   
Isoleucine Rhizome  

510

2,926

Kilocalories Rhizome  

690

3,764

Lauric-Acid Rhizome  

390

3,630

Leucine Rhizome  

740

4,257

Limonene Rhizome  

17

1,050

Linalool Rhizome  

2

1,500

Linoleic-Acid Rhizome  

1,200

11,200

Lysine Rhizome  

570

3,110

Magnesium Rhizome  

2,690

2,690

Manganese Rhizome  

106

350

Methionine Rhizome  

130

737

Mufa Plant  

1,340

8,400

Myristic-Acid Rhizome  

180

1,650

Myrtenal Rhizome  

0.5

30

Neral Rhizome  

20

13,000

Niacin Rhizome  

5

135

Nickel Rhizome  

2

5.2

Nitrogen Rhizome  

16,000

24,440

Nonan-2-OI Rhizome  

5

100

Nonan-2-One Rhizome  

8

160

Nonanal Rhizome  

2

50

Octan-1-A1 Rhizome  

2

40

Oleic-Acid Rhizome  

1,190

11,000

Oxalic-Acid Rhizome

5,000

   
P-Coumaric-Acid Rhizome

19

   
P-Cymen-8-O1 Rhizome  

0.5

35

P-Cymene Rhizome  

2

1,300

Palmitic-Acid Rhizome  

1,200

11,200

Palmitoleic-Acid Rhizome  

210

1,145

Pantothenic-Acid Rhizome  

2

11

Perillene Rhizome  

1

95

Phenylalanine Rhizome  

450

2,455

Phosphorus Rhizome  

320

5,323

Phytosterols Rhizome  

150

913

Pipecolic-Acid Rhizome

130

   
Potassium Rhizome  

2,640

25,079

Prolamine Plant  

1,540

14,190

Proline Rhizome  

410

2,376

Protein Rhizome  

14,000

129,000

Pufa Rhizome  

1,540

8,400

Riboflavin Rhizome  

0

5

Rosefuran Rhizome  

1

90

Sabinene Rhizome  

0.5

35

Selenium Rhizome  

9

10

Selina-3-7(11)-Diene Rhizome  

1

65

Serine Rhizome  

450

2,596

Sfa Rhizome  

2,030

11,085

Shogaols Rhizome

1,800

   
Silicon Rhizome

285

   
Sodium Rhizome  

60

709

Starch Rhizome  

123,000

500,000

Stearic-Acid Rhizome  

170

925

Stearic-Acid Rhizome  

170

1,540

Stearic-Acid Rhizome  

1,400

925

Stearic-Acid Rhizome  

1,400

1,540

Terpinolene Rhizome  

1

90

Thiamin Rhizome  

0

3

Threonine Rhizome  

360

2,057

Tran-6-Shogoal Rhizome

40

   
Tran-8-Shogoal Rhizome

40

   
Trans-Beta-Farnesene Rhizome  

1

60

Trans-Beta- Rhizome  

6

360

Sesquiphellandrol        
Trans-Nerolidol Rhizome  

5

350

Tricyclene Rhizome  

2

115

Tryptophan Rhizome  

120

693

Tyrosine Rhizome  

200

1.122

Undecan-2-O1 Rhizome  

1

25

Valine Rhizome  

730

4,202

Vit-B6 Rhizome  

1.6

8.7

Water Rhizome  

93,090

930,000

Xanthorrhizol Rhizome  

1

50

Zinc Rhizome  

57

 
Zingiberene Rhizome  

0.5

30

Zingiberenes Rhizome  

890

17,836

Zingiberol Rhizome  

0

8,000

Zingiberone Rhizome

0.3

20

Source : Department Of Agriculture, United States Of America. 1998 at                              Http://Probe.Nal.Usda.Gov:8300/Cgi

                : IDS Project Report Development the NTFPs in Sabah Issues Challenges and Opportunities

NOTES

  1. Balasubramaniam, Dr.K. (1997).Herbal Remedies: Consumer Protection concerns. WONDERprint trading, Penang Malaysia.
  2. Hamzah (1998). Opportunities in Herbal Cultivation: Experience of Nona Roguy Sdn Bhd. Working paper presented at the seminar on Local Economic Development in the Era of Globalisation held at Shangri-La’s Rasa Ria Resort, Tuaran on the 23 – 24 th June 1998.
  3. Formerly know as Survey Research Malaysia’s largest and most experienced market research company.
  4. Daily Express 26 th November 1998. Page 5, in their article entitled" Self-medication: A way of life"
  5. Daily Express, 25 th May 1998
  6. Daily Express, 27 th May 1998